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The dump command, under a Unix system, is used to dump the entire file system to another device. By default, the dump output device is a tape device (/dev/tape). Now a day, however, it is often used with other devices such as another file system (from one hard drive to another.)
Other systems use that same keyword. It is particularly the case of database systems. For instance, the PostgreSQL database has a pg_dump command.
The opposite command is restore. That command is used to get the data from the output device and put it back on your hard drive.